Lawrence University

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Lawrence University Art Historian, American History Scholar and Jazz Director Named to Endowed Professorships

Lawrence University President Jill Beck announced the appointment of Carol Lawton, Jerald Podair and Fred Sturm to endowed professorships Thursday (5/26) at the college’s annual honors convocation.

Lawton, professor of art history, was named to the Ottilia Buerger Professorship in Classical Studies. Podair, associate professor of history, was named to the Robert S. French Professorship in American Studies. Sturm, professor of music, was named to the Kimberly-Clark Professorship in Music.

Appointments to endowed professorships recognize academic distinction through teaching excellence and scholarly achievement. Lawrence currently has 47 endowed chairs.

Lawton, a specialist in ancient Greek sculpture, joined the Lawrence art department in 1980 and serves as curator of Lawrence’s Ottilia Buerger Collection of ancient and Byzantine coins. She has made research trips to Greece each of the past 25 years. Working with the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, she is studying Greek and Roman votive reliefs excavated from the Athenian Agora, the center of civic activity of ancient Athens.

She has received research fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the J. Paul Getty Trust and is the author of the 1995 book “Attic Document Reliefs of the Classical and Hellenistic Periods” (Oxford University Press).

In 2004, Lawton was recognized with Lawrence’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, becoming the only faculty member to earn all three of the college’s major teaching awards. She was the recipient of the college’s Young Teacher Award in 1982 and the Freshman Studies Teaching Award in 1998. She earned her Ph.D. in art history from Princeton University.

The Buerger professorship was established in 2002 by a bequest from the estate of Ottilia Buerger, a 1938 Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Lawrence with a degree in Latin. A native of Mayville, Buerger taught Latin and English for several years at high schools in Goodman, Wautoma and Beaver Dam.

Combining a life-long interest in history, classics and numismatics, Buerger began coin collecting as a hobby in the 1950s and wound up assembling a world-renowned collection of ancient Greek and Roman coins. Buerger’s collection of 352 coins was donated to Lawrence after her death in 2001 and is used extensively today as a teaching and research resource for students and faculty studying the ancient world.

Podair joined the Lawrence faculty in 1998. A one-time Wall Street lawyer, he turned his attention to 20th-century American history in the early 1990s, focusing his research interests on urban history and racial and ethnic relations. He was recognized in 1998 with the Allan Nevin Prize from the Society of American Historians, which honored him for the single most outstanding dissertation in American history that year. It was published as the book “The Strike That Changed New York” in 2003 by Yale University Press.

He served as a consulting scholar for the recent Joe McCarthy exhibition at the Outagamie County Museum and worked with documentary filmmaker Richard Broadman as a historical consultant on a film chronicling the history of Black-Jewish relations in modern New York City. He earned his doctorate at Princeton University.

The French Professorship was established in 2001 by a gift from William Zuendt in honor of his former high school counselor and long-time friend, Robert French, who earned a bachelor’s degree from Lawrence in 1948 with a self-designed major in American studies. The professorship is intended to embrace a broad array of subjects, including history, literature, political thought and artistic expression, in examining America’s past.

French, a devoted student and collector of items relating to Abraham Lincoln and his legacy, helped establish the Lincoln Reading Room in Lawrence’s Seeley G. Mudd Library. He donated a collection of more than 1,500 items related to Lincoln, among them books, artwork and published speeches.

Sturm, director of jazz and improvisational music, is in his second stint as a faculty member in the Lawrence conservatory of music. A 1973 Lawrence graduate, he first directed jazz studies here from 1977-91, then returned in 2002 after spending 11 years as professor and chair of jazz studies and contemporary media at the Eastman School of Music in New York.

An award-winning composer, his jazz compositions and arrangements have been performed by Bobby McFerrin, Wynton Marsalis and Clark Terry, among others, and have been issued by numerous record labels, including Concord Jazz, RCA and Warner Brothers Records. Sturm received a Grammy Award nomination in 1988 and was named the 2003 recipient of the ASCAP/IAJE Commission In Honor of Quincy Jones, a prize granted annually to one established jazz composer of international prominence.

He concurrently serves as principal guest conductor of the Hessischer Rundfunk (German Public Radio for the State of Hessen) Big Band in Frankfurt, Germany and as visiting conductor of professional jazz ensembles and radio orchestras in Europe. During his nearly 30-year university teaching career, Sturm’s jazz ensembles have been cited by Downbeat Magazine as the finest in the United States and Canada eight times. He earned a master’s degree in music composition from Eastman School of Music.

The Kimberly-Clark Foundation established the Kimberly-Clark Professorship in Music in 1995 in recognition and support of the cultural contributions Lawrence makes to the quality of life in the community.

Two Lawrence University Musicians Earn Top Honors at State Piano Competition

Lawrence University musicians Ka Man (Melody) Ng and Amanda Gessler captured the first- and second-place honors, respectively, at the recent Wisconsin Music Teachers Association Badger Collegiate Piano Competition held May 7 at Lawrence. Both are students in the piano studio of Associate Professor of Music Anthony Padilla.

Ng, a sophomore from Hong Kong, earned $200 for her winning performance, which included works by Bach, Schubert and Liszt. It was the second state title in two years for Ng, who also captured top honors in last year’s Neale-Silva Young Artists Competition sponsored by Wisconsin Public Radio. Gessler, a sophomore from Harshaw, Wis., performed works by Haydn, Bartok and Liszt.

Participants in the competition, which is open to students attending any college or university in Wisconsin, are required to play a 30-minute recital.

Smile Power: Lawrence University Psychologist Dicusses Laughter as a Coping Mechanism in Science Hall Colloquium

Lawrence University psychologist Matthew Ansfield discusses his latest research on the paradox of positive facial expressions, such as smiling, in response to anxiety-provoking events Tuesday, May 24 in the Science Hall Colloquium “When Laughter is (and is not!) the Best Medicine.” The presentation, at 4:15 p.m. in Science Hall, Room 102, is free and open to the public.

Ansfield will discuss the findings of studies he has conducted, as well as the research of others, on the use of laughter and humor as a coping mechanism when dealing with potentially distressing situations. The presentation will focus on what his research reveals about how laughter and humor can, at times, be beneficial both to people’s emotional and physical well-being as they attempt to cope with negative life experiences.

As a social psychologist, Ansfield specializes in the fields of nonverbal behavior and mental control of thought and action. In addition, he has written broadly on the subject of lies, deception and deception detection.

He joined the Lawrence psychology department in 2000 after spending three years on the faculty at Southern Methodist University. He earned his bachelor’s degree in psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and his Ph.D. in social psychology at the University of Virginia.

Columbia University President Lee Bollinger Discusses Critical Issues Facing Higher Education in Lawrence University Honors Convocation

Lee C. Bollinger, president of Columbia University and a renowned legal scholar recognized for his expertise in free speech and the First Amendment, examines three controversial subjects facing American higher education in the final address of Lawrence University’s 2004-05 convocation series.

Bollinger presents “Three Issues for Colleges and Universities: Affirmative Action, Academic Freedom and Globalization” Thursday, May 26 at 11:10 a.m. in the Lawrence Memorial Chapel. The address is free and open to the public.

Bollinger began his tenure as Columbia’s 19th president June 1, 2002. A 1971 graduate of Columbia Law School, where he was an articles editor of the Law Review, he previously served as president of the University of Michigan (1996-2001) and provost of Dartmouth College (1994-1996).

As president of Michigan, Bollinger was named the defendant in two affirmative action lawsuits — Gratz vs. Bollinger and Grutter vs. Bollinger — that reached the U.S. Supreme Court. The lawsuits were filed by white applicants who charged they were unfairly denied admission to Michigan’s undergraduate program and to the university’s law school, respectively, while less-qualified blacks and Latinos were accepted.

In December, 2003, the Supreme Court ruled that colleges and universities can use race as a factor as a criteria for admissions, citing a broad social benefit gained from having diversity in the classroom. But the court also said that race cannot be an overriding factor in schools admissions programs, indicating such plans can lead to unconstitutional policies.

In two separate decisions, the Supreme Court struck down the University of Michigan’s “point system” that was used for undergraduate admissions, but approved a separate policy used by its law school that accords race a less prominent role in the admissions decision-making process.

More recently, Bollinger, 59, has found himself in the midst of a controversy over academic freedom involving faculty members of Columbia’s department of Middle East and Asian languages and cultures. Students taking classes in the department have voiced concerns of “feeling cowed” by professors for expressing their pro-Israel sentiments in the classroom.

The student allegations of faculty intimidation were detailed in a 40-minute documentary entitled “Columbia Unbecoming.” Produced by a post-9/11, Boston-based organization called the David Project, “Columbia Unbecoming” caused a furor at the New York city campus and left Bollinger tip-toeing a line between protecting students and defending scholarly discourse.

A former law clerk for U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger, Bollinger began his academic career in 1973, joining the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School. He was promoted to dean of the law school in 1987, a position he held for seven years before leaving in 1994 to become provost and professor of government at Dartmouth College. Two years later Bollinger returned to Ann Arbor as the University of Michigan’s 12th president.

A noted advocate of affirmative action in higher education, Bollinger has written widely on free speech and First Amendment issues, including the books “Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era” (University of Chicago Press, 2001), “Images of a Free Press”(University of Chicago Press, 1991) and “The Tolerant Society: Freedom of Speech and Extremist Speech in America” (Oxford University Press, 1986).

His leadership in defending affirmative action in higher education has been recognized with numerous awards, among them the National Humanitarian Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice and the National Equal Justice Award from the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.

This past March, the University of California at Berkeley honored Bollinger for his commitment to freedom of speech and diversity, presenting him its Clark Kerr Award, which recognizes an individual who has made an extraordinary and distinguished contribution to the advancement of higher education.

A native of Santa Rosa, Calif., Bollinger earned his undergraduate degree at the University of Oregon in 1968. He was named a fellow in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992.

Bjella, Fares, Peregrine Promoted to Full Professor at Lawrence University, Nine Faculty Members Granted Tenure

Three members of the Lawrence University faculty have been promoted to the rank of full professor and seven others have been granted tenure appointments and promoted to associate professor by the college’s Board of Trustees. In addition, two faculty members who already held associate professor rank also were granted tenure appointments.

Richard Bjella, Gustavo Fares and Peter Peregrine have been promoted from associate to full professor while assistant professors Patrick Boleyn-Fitzgerald, Karen Hoffmann, Eugénie Hunsicker, Joy Jordan, Randall McNeill, Karen Nordell and Katherine Privatt have been promoted and granted tenure. Associate professors John Daniel and Patricia Vilches also were granted tenured appointments.

Bjella, director of choral studies, joined the Lawrence faculty in 1984. He directs the Lawrence Concert Choir, Lawrence Chorale and the early music ensemble Collegium Musicum, as well as teaching conducting and choral methods. In prior years, he also directed the Vocal Jazz Ensemble, Lawrence Chamber Singers and the Choral Society. In addition, Bjella is musical director of the White Heron Chorale, a 55-member community choir.

He has performed as guest conductor at more than 350 festivals and workshops in 25 states and has conducted choirs in Prague, Paris and London. Bjella earned his bachelor’s degree from Cornell College and holds a master’s degree in choral conducting from the University of Iowa.

A member of the Lawrence Spanish department since 2000, Fares’ research interests focus on Argentinean literature and Latin American art. In 2004, he was awarded a Fulbright Scholars Program grant to teach a graduate course at the National University of Cuyo in Argentina.

Fares, a native of Argentina, is an accomplished artist who also holds a law degree from the University of Buenos Aires. In addition, he earned his doctorate in Latin American literature from the University of Pittsburg, a pair of master’s degrees from the University of West Virginia — one in foreign languages and literature and one in fine arts, painting and printmaking — and has conducted post-graduate studies in painting, drawing and art history in Buenos Aires. Before coming to Lawrence, he spent 11 years teaching at Lynchburg College.

Peregrine, a cultural anthropologist, joined the Lawrence faculty in 1995 after five years on the faculty at Juniata College. A specialist in the evolution of complex societies, culture contact and culture change, he has conducted field research for more than 10 years at Tell es-Sweyhat in northern Syria, a Bronze Age Mesopotamian burial site.

Peregrine has contributed extensively to the Encyclopedia of Prehistory as a writer and editor and his scholarship has appeared in American Anthropologist and Cross-Cultural Research, among others. He earned his bachelor’s and doctorate degrees at Purdue University.

Since his arrival in the Lawrence philosophy department in 2001, Boleyn-Fitzgerald has coordinated the annual Edward R. Mielke Lecture Series in Biomedical Ethics. He also serves as a consultant to Appleton Medical Center and Affinity Health System on issues of confidentiality, competency and end-of-life treatment decisions. His research interests include the relationship between health care professionals and the philosophical virtues of gratitude, forgiveness and compassion. He earned his bachelor’s degree from Miami University and his Ph.D. from the University of Arizona.

Daniel, a classical trumpet player, joined the Lawrence conservatory of music faculty in 2002 after teaching positions at Penn State University (nine years) and Texas Christian University (11 years). He has served as principal trumpet with the San Angelo Symphony Orchestra and Abilene Philharmonic Orchestra and has performed with the San Antonio Symphony, Pennsylvania Ballet Orchestra and New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, among others.

Earlier this year, he released the jazz CD “A Calling,” which he recorded with four Lawrence colleagues. He earned a bachelor’s degree at Ball State University and a master’s degree at the University of Iowa.

Hoffmann, a 1987 Lawrence graduate, returned to her alma mater in 1998 as a member of the English department. Her research interests focus on early 20th-century British and American literature, gender and literature and African-American literature, including the Harlem Renaissance. Her scholarship has been published in the Journal of Modern Literature and Arizona Quarterly. She earned her Ph.D. in English and American literature from Indiana University.

A member of the Lawrence mathematics department since 1999, Hunsicker’s research interests include the geometry behind string theory. In 2003, she co-founded PRYSM — Partners Reaching Youth in Science and Math – an outreach program with women students at Lawrence serving as mentors and tutors with eighth-grade girls in Appleton. That same year, she received the Mathematical Association of America’s Trevor Evans award for her article, “Simplicity is not Simple.” Hunsicker earned her bachelor’s degree from Haverford College and her doctorate degree from the University of Chicago.

Jordan joined the Lawrence faculty in 1999 as the mathematics department’s first-ever assistant professor of statistics. Her research and professional interests include the study of order restricted inference, categorical data analysis, duality and statistical education and her research has been published in the Journal of Statistics Education. In 2001, she was recognized with Lawrence’s Outstanding Young Teacher Award. She graduated from Indiana University and earned her doctorate from the University of Iowa.

McNeill, a specialist in Latin poetry, particularly the work of Roman poet Horace, as well as Greek and Roman history, joined the Lawrence classics department in 1999. He is the author of the 2001 book, “Horace: Image, Identity and Audience” and was honored in 2003 as the recipient of Lawrence’s Outstanding Young Teacher Award. He earned is bachelor’s degree at Harvard University and his Ph.D. from Yale University.

A 1988 graduate of Appleton East High School, Nordell returned to Appleton and joined the Lawrence chemistry department in 2000. Specializing in materials chemistry, Nordell’s research interests focus on nanoscale science. She joined Hunsicker as the co-founders of the PRYSM program, which was cited by the Appleton Rotary Club with its “Cutting Edge” award. In 2004, she was presented Lawrence’s Outstanding Young Teacher Award. Nordell earned her bachelor’s degree at Northwestern University and her doctorate at Iowa State.

Privatt, whose research interests include corporate funding on Broadway and the art theatre movement, joined the Lawrence theatre department in 1999. She has directed six main stage productions at Lawrence, most recently 2005’s “First Lady,” as well as several smaller student productions. She also has served as a guest director for Appleton’s Attic Theatre and worked with the Memorial Presbyterian Church on a series of “reader’s theatre” productions. She earned her bachelor’s degree at Central Missouri State University and her Ph.D. from the University of Nebraska.

Vilches, a specialist in Latin American culture and literature as well as Italian Renaissance literature, joined the Lawrence faculty in 2000 as an associate professor of Spanish and Italian. Before coming to Lawrence, she spent eight years on the faculty at the University of Evansville. At Lawrence, she created two new courses for department, Spanish Phonetics and Hispanic Issues, which explores contemporary cultural issues facing Hispanics in Latin America and the United States. She earned her bachelor’s degree at the University of Illinois at Chicago and her doctorate at the University of Chicago.

Noted Conservative Commentator Discusses Free Speech Issues on College Campuses in Address at Lawrence University

Former FBI agent, best-selling author and free-speech advocate Gary Aldrich will discuss what he calls “a serious assault on our constitutional rights” on the country’s college campuses in an address at Lawrence University.

Aldrich presents “Free Speech Issues on Campus” Wednesday, May 18 at 7 p.m. in Lawrence’s Science Hall, Room 102. The event is free and open to the public.

A frequent guest on national news programs, Aldrich will share his personal experiences as a conservative commentator on college campus visits and argue for efforts to restore balance to what he sees as “a dramatic lessening of students’ free-speech rights” at colleges and universities.

Aldrich, a 30-year veteran of the FBI where he specialized in white-collar crime, including fraud and political corruption, garnered national attention in July, 1996 with the release of his book “Unlimited Access: An FBI Agent Inside the Clinton White House,” which broke the agency’s “code of silence.”

“Unlimited Access,” which spent 20 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list, detailed breaches of national security Aldrich had witnessed during the Clinton administration while he was on assignment at the White House, including qualifying high-level political appointees for Top Secret clearance and granting access to sensitive areas of the White House.

In his 2003 follow-up book “Thunder on the Left,” Aldrich charges that the Democratic Party has been hijacked by the far left wing of the party and that President Clinton was responsible for the 9/11 terrorists attacks. He also is the author of the 1998 novel “Speak No Evil.”

During his lengthy FBI career, Aldrich worked in the White House during the administrations of the first president Bush as well as those of presidents Reagan and Clinton. He also served as the senior FBI liaison to the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, overseeing the maintenance of national security issues.

In 1998, he founded The Patrick Henry Center for Individual Liberty in Fairfax, Va. The nonprofit center promotes the U.S. Constitution, the Bill of Rights and the right of ethical dissent. It also specializes in “whistleblower cases,” assisting workers who report corruption within the federal government.

A former talk show host, Aldrich has written political commentaries for numerous publications, including The Wall Street Journal, Insight Magazine and The Washington Times, among others. He also is a regular columnist for Worldnetdaily.com.

His appearance is sponsored by the Lawrence College Republicans and the Young America’s Foundation

Wisconsin Congressional Candidate Discusses Economic Growth, Deficit Reduction in Lawrence University Address

Green Bay businessman and Wisconsin 8th Congressional District candidate Jamie Wall shares his vision for the future of Wisconsin and America in an address at Lawrence University.

Focusing on issues of economic growth and deficit reduction, Wall presents “America Means Opportunity” Tuesday, May 17 at 7 p.m. in Lawrence’s Wriston Art Center auditorium. He will conduct a question-and-answer session following his address, which is free and open to the public.

In his first bid for elective office, Wall is seeking the congressional seat currently held by three-term Congressman Mark Green (R-Green Bay). First elected in 1998, Green has announced his candidacy for governor. The National Journal, a weekly magazine focusing on politics, policy and government, has identified Wisconsin’s 8th Congressional District as one of the key House races in the country to watch in 2006.

A sixth-generation Wisconsinite, Wall grew up on his family’s dairy farm in Askeaton in rural Brown County and graduated from Wrightstown High School. He earned a bachelor’s degree in history and political science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1993 and the following year was named a Rhodes Scholar. He spent two years (1995-97) at Oxford University, earning a master’s degree in political philosophy.

Currently an independent business consultant in Green Bay, Wall served as the head of the Wisconsin Department of Commerce’s economic development programs from 2003 to earlier this year and is a founding member of the Northeast Wisconsin Economic Development Partnership.

Wall’s visit is sponsored by the Lawrence College Democrats.

Interpreting the Qur’an: Modern Islamist Thought Focus of Lawrence University Main Hall Forum

Several key verses from the Qur’an concerning the role and status of Christians will be discussed in a Lawrence University Main Hall Forum.

Rachel Scott, a visiting lecturer in religious studies at Lawrence, presents “The Qur’an, Christians and Modern Islamist Thought,” Tuesday, May 17 at 4:45 p.m. in Main Hall, Room 101. The event is free and open to the public.

The verses highlighted in the presentation concern Jews and Christians in general, but Scott will focus on how those verses relate to the proposed legal and social status of Coptic Christians within a proposed Egyptian Islamic state. She will analyze different interpretations of these verses, arguing that modern Islamist thought is not monolithic, but rather is represented by a spectrum of thinkers who have competing visions as to what the true nature of Islam is.

Scott, whose research interests include Islamic intellectual history, Christian-Muslim relations and the social and political origins of the Islamic movement joined the religious studies department at the start of Term III after previously teaching in the department of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Manchester in England.

She earned her bachelor’s degree in Arabic and Islamic history at Oxford University’s Pembroke College and her Ph.D. in Islamic studies at the University of London. In addition, Scott has studied Arabic at the University of Alexandria in Egypt and Hebrew at the University of Jerusalem. This fall she will join the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as an assistant professor of religious studies.

Shack-a-thon: Raising Money and Awareness for Housing Issues

Nearly 20 teams of students representing the gamut of campus organizations will transform the Lawrence University Main Hall Green into a temporary shantytown May 14-15 for the college’s fourth annual “Shack-a-thon.”

The fund-raising activity, which supports Habitat for Humanity, challenges the design creativity and engineering skills of students, who will construct make-shift “homes” from donated and salvaged materials on 10-foot-by-10-foot plots near Main Hall beginning early Saturday afternoon. The shacks will remain up until mid-morning Sunday and at least one member of each team will be required to spend the night in the shack.

“Change jars” will be placed in front of each shack with cash donations serving as votes for a “best shack” contest. An on-site host tent will provide information on issues related to homelessness and the need for affordable housing.

“The idea behind Shack-A-Thon is to not only raise money for Habitat for Humanity, but also to raise awareness about the reality of some of the serious housing issues that we face as a nation,” said Brian Hilgeman, one-time events coordinator for the Lawrence Volunteer and Community Service Center, which is sponsoring the event. “We want to provide a fun atmosphere where students as well as members of the Appleton community can think about problems such as homelessness or affordable housing.”

Shack-a-thon organizers raised more than $4,800 at last year’s event and hope to top that figure this year. All proceeds raised by the event are earmarked for the eventual construction of a Lawrence sponsored Habitat for Humanity home in the Fox Cities.

For more information about Shack-a-thon, contact the Lawrence Volunteer and Community Service Center at 920-832-6644.

Relationship Between Musical Ability and Second Language Skills Examined in Science Hall Colloquium

The relationship between musical skills and the ability to better recognize unfamiliar speech sounds when learning a second language will be examined in a Lawrence University Science Hall Colloquium.

Lawrence University Professor of Psychology Terry Gottfried presents “Music and Language Learning: Relation of Musical and Linguistic Tone Perception” Tuesday, May 10 at 4:15 p.m. in Science Hall, Room 102. The event is free and open to the public.

A specialist in the perception of speech and sound, Gottfried will discuss the findings of his recent research with Lawrence conservatory students which indicates musicians hold a significant advantage over non-musicians in identifying and producing unfamiliar speech contrasts in a foreign language.

In his study, listeners who had never studied Mandarin Chinese were presented with words that differed only in lexical tone. While non-native listeners had trouble detecting the tonal differences, the musicians were significantly more accurate in their identification and discrimination of the words. The musicians also were more successful in imitating these words than non-musicians.

Gottfried argues that abilities or skills associated with being a musician are related to skills necessary to learn a new speech sound contrast.

With the support of a grant from the Norwegian Marshall Fund Committee, Gottfried recently conducted research in Trondheim, Norway, in which he investigated factors that help or hinder language learners in speaking and understanding a second language.

Part of this research investigated differences in how Norwegian listeners, in comparison to Danes, perceive the vowel contrasts of their native and their second language. He also studied whether the use of linguistic tones in Norwegian provides native speakers of that language with an advantage in learning the lexical tones of Mandarin Chinese.

In 2001, he was awarded a fellowship by the Fulbright Scholar Program for a teaching and research position in the English department of Aarhus University in Denmark, teaching courses on the psychology of language and speech science.

A member of the Lawrence psychology department since 1986, Gottfried earned his bachelor’s and doctorate degrees at the University of Minnesota.